Udate Berita Kecelakaan

Secara umum, setiap jurnal memiliki sistematika yang berisi: Title (Cover Page); Abstract (and Keywords); Introduction/Background; Literature Review (tidak harus); Methodology; Results and Discussion; Conclusion; dan References. Subbagian ini mendeskripsikan strategi praktis yang menulis publikasi jurnal internasional bereputasi berdasarkan sistematika tersebut disertai contoh praktis. Prinsip umum menulis ilmiah adalah ringkas, padat, tetapi lengkap dan jelas/konkret (dibatasi jumlah halaman atau jumlah kata). Artinya, pembaca harus dapat mengerti tulisan kita tanpa harus bertanya kepada kita dan dapat melakukan hal yang sama/mengembangkan riset kita hanya dengan melakukan sitasi tulisan kita (Pratomo, 2015).

Menulis judul (Tema artikel)

Judul merupakan perwujudan tema riset yang dipublikasikan. Judul bagaikan etalase toko yang membuat orang yang lewat dapat langsung tertarik berkunjung ke dalam toko itu.

Agar dapat menarik perhatian, judul mengandung dua hal, yaitu (a) tema menarik dan penting serta (b) teknik penulisan judul. Tema harus menarik, bukan hanya bagi diri kita, tapi, juga bagi orang lain. Biasanya tema yang menarik karena dianggap penting atau memiliki kontribusi keilmuan dan praktis yang tinggi. Agar dapat menghasilkan tema menarik, tidak cukup hanya memperlihatkan judulnya, tetapi, penulis harus dapat menjelaskan adanya kesenjangan (research gap) dan menawarkan fill the gap, yaitu upaya memberikan solusi mengatasi kesenjangan itu. Penjelasan ini diletakkan dalam bagian pendahuluan (introduction/background).

Tema menarik, misalnya, mengembangkan kajian sebelumnya: menguji/membuktikan teori, model atau replikasi hasil riset, menerapkan teori/model dalam konteks berbeda dengan menanyakan apakah masih berlaku universal atau menawarkan ide baru: model, metode, teori, perspektif. Semestinya, tema ini sudah muncul saat merencanakan riset, yaitu merencanakan riset yang berorientasi publikasi jurnal internasional.

Jadi, prinsip menulis judul adalah menarik, berbeda, bila perlu agak bombastis, tapi, tetap relevan dengan isi. Contoh:

⚫         Kriyantono, R. (2015b). Contemporary rhetoric deconstruct rhetorical approach in

public relations research development. International Journal of Development Research, 5(6), 4819-4825 (mengandung kebaruan, yaitu pengenalan pendekatan baru public relations rhetoric, yang menggeser pandangan lama bahwa retorika hanya untuk komunikasi publik).

⚫         Everett, J. (1993). The Ecological Paradigm in Public Relations Theory and Practice.

Public Relations Review, 19(2), 177-185 (mengandung kebaruan, yaitu mempromosikan bahwa public relations bukan hanya praktik tapi sudah menjadi kajian ilmu karena sudah mempunyai paradigm keilmuan).

⚫         Greenwood, C. A. (2010). Evolutionary theory: The missing link for conseptualizing

Public Relations. Journal of Publis Relations Research, 22(4), 456-476 (mengandung kebaruan karena menjelaskan keterkaitan antara public relations dengan pemikiran Darwin, bahwa pemikiran Darwin adalah metateori kajian public relations, yang sebagian besar ilmuwan/praktisi public relations belum memahaminya, tercermin dari kata ‘mising link’).

Menulis Abstract

Abstract adalah isi artikel yang dipersingkat. Berisi tiga hal pokok: tujuan penelitian; cara melakukan penelitian (metodologi)/data; dan hasil yang diperoleh. Hasil kuantitatif perlu disampaikan (kalau ada) tetapi hanya hasil kunci saja, tidak perlu detail. Abstract ditulis

tanpa paragraf (yaitu berbentuk ‘balok’), biasanya satu spasi, tanpa mencantumkan referensi, lebih baik ditulis terakhir setelah tulisan lengkap, dan jumlah kata antara 100-400 kata (sesuai policy jurnal).

Contoh abstract untuk artikel hasil riset, berisi tiga hal pokok: tujuan penelitian (ada pada kata ‘addresses’); metodologi (A web-based experiment); dan hasil penelitian (findings revealed):

The contingency theory of public relations relies heavily on the concept of threat without fully developing the concept as well as its operationalization. This study addresses this weakness through the exposition of 2 key dimensions of threats in crises as threat type and duration, and empirically testing their effects on public relations practitioners’ cognitive appraisal of threats, affective responses to threats, and the stances taken in threat-embedded crisis situations. A Web-based experiment on 116 public relations practitioners was conducted usinga2 (external vs. internal threat type) × 2 (long-term vs. short-term threat duration) within-subjects design. The findings revealed the main effects of threat type and threat duration on threat appraisal, emotional arousal, and degree of accommodation. Interaction effects indicated that external and long-term threat combination led to higher situational demands appraisal and more intensive emotional arousal (Jin & Cameron, 2007).

Contoh abstract untuk artikel konseptual (bukan riset), juga berisi tiga hal pokok: tujuan artikel, metode, dan hasil penyajian.

The article aims to enrich the development of public relations research approach. The development can be conducted by deconstructing the focus of rhetorical study: from classical rhetoric to contemporary rhetoric. Rhetoric is vital to society to exist because rhetoric is the use of symbols, conducted by individuals and organizations, to influence opinions, understanding, and actions. Contemporary rhetoric focuses not only on public speech communication but also on the use of symbols. As a result, it extents the scope of rhetorical study, from political communication to other field of interest, including public relations and its branch of study, crisis management. By conducting critical ethnography, the author explored rhetorical phenomena as a part of crisis management dealing with crisis. In sum, the deconstruction creates a concept of public relations rhetoric (Kriyantono, 2015b).

 "Cara Tembus Artikel Jurnal Internasional Bereputasi"

Menulis Introduction/Background

Introduction berisi deskripsi masalah yang dikaji, yaitu munculnya kesenjangan/gap sehingga menarik diteliti, yang membuat pembaca untuk masuk ke fokus penelitian. Penulis harus tetap fokus isu (tema), yaitu masalah/pertanyaan yang relevan dengan studi (tidak lari kemana-mana dan tidak bertele-tele). Lebih baik penulis berangkat dari hal-hal umum menuju khusus, tetapi tetap fokus pada masalah, dan akhirnya mengarah ke tujuan penelitian. Introduction berisi review beberapa riset terdahulu, teori, dan bila perlu data pra- observasi       untuk      mendeskripsikan       perkembangan       kajian       dan      memunculkan kesenjangaan/research gap dan fill the gap. Research gap juga dapat muncul dengan menjelaskan kelemahan dan keunggulan riset terdahulu. Pada akhirnya dapat menunjukkan

perbedaan dari riset yang sedang ditulis penulis. Fill the gap merupakan solusi yang ditawarkan penulis dan inilah tujuan artikel penulis. Misalnya, menawarkan cara investigasi baru/berbeda pada topik/aspek yang sama dengan riset terdahulu. Jika tujuan mampu dirumuskan dengan baik maka menjadi manfaat/kontribusi artikel.

Contoh tulisan tidak bertele-tele:

Judul: Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility in Mandatory Approach Era in Indonesia (Kriyantono, 2015c). Awal Introduction harus langsung membahas yang terkait judul, yaitu langsung membahas CSR atau mandatory approach (terserah fokus sentral penulis). Penulis berangkat dari hal umum, yaitu ‘CSR yang makin berkembang’:

Over the last decade, the study of CSR in profit organization has developed gradually (Lee & Shin, 2010; Maignan, 2001; Shah & Chen, 2010). CSR has been an important concept in practical business as well as scientific study (Dincer & Dincer, 2013; Turker, 2009), which has been a research area containing large amounts of literature (Seth, 2006), and researchers has found that many companies relied on the result of it (Bhattacharya, Korschum, & Sen, 2009; Estanesti, 2013; Hai-yan, Amezaga, & Silva, 2012; Kanji & Chopra, 2010). CSR is an company program to get involved in social matters by giving contribution and valuable benefit toward economic and social welfare development within the company’s daily operations (Kanji & Chopra, 2010; Kriyantono, 2012a; L’Etang, 1994; Turker, 2009).

Contoh sistematika isi introduction:

Judul: Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility in Mandatory Approach Era in Indonesia (Kriyantono, 2015c).

▶ Paragraf 1: Over the last decade, the study of CSR in profit organization has

developed gradually in practical business as well as scientific study, containing large amounts of literature.

▶ Paragraf 2: CSR is not avoidable: (i) the public claims the business companies to be

ethical, environmentally and socially responsible because of technological & democratization era; (ii) is important factor for consumers to purchase by evaluating the company’s credibility.

▶ Paragraf 3: As a result of the gradual development of CSR: (i) there are various

definitions with multiple aspects of responsibility; (ii) However, there is no consensus on who should apply CSR, whether it is directly managed by CEO or it is public relations function and the goals: for gaining company profit and for doing company’s responsibility to society.

▶ Paragraf 4: Although CSR grew with various worldviews, it is found that there is a lack of measurement and comprehensive multidiscipline model. (Sudah mulai muncul

kesenjangan/gap, yang disusun dari paragraf 1-3 sebelumnya).

▶ Paragraf 5: Description of models which potentially: (i) involves multiple aspects of

responsibility; (ii) accepted in Western & Eastern contexts. The description leads to the two model (KCCSR & Turker). (Sudah mulai muncul solusi/fill the gap, yaitu menawarkan model di tengah keberagaman model)

▶ Paragraf 6: How if the models are combined? The reasons: (i) both have similarity;

(ii) provides a solid foundation to understand CSR; (iii) to reduce the similarity or the sameness in process of replication to gain greater its potential contribution. (Penekanan solusi, yaitu ada pengombinasian model disertai alasannya).

▶ Paragraf 7: The current research aims to evaluate CSR in Indonesia, a first nation in

the world that adopt a mandatory approach to CSR: (i) CSR is compulsory; (ii) There are seven regulations which give CSR an attribution of obligatory; (iii) However, regulations have not determined the CSR measurement & CSR has not been perceived important. (Sudah secara eksplisit menyatakan tujuan, yaitu penggunaan kombinasi model untuk Indonesia, disertai alasannya).

▶ Paragraf 8: The research in Indonesia context contributes to widen CSR study in

developing country: (i) CSR has been conducted gradually in Asian companies; (ii) however, the number of studies are less and still scarce than Western Countries; (iii) Asian people emphasizes the reciprocal responsibility and harmony between individual and society, but, CSR existed earlier in Western countries. (Secara eksplisit menyatakan kontribusi/manfaat bagi kajian teoritis jika tujuan berhasil dilaksanakan).

▶ Paragraf   9:   Menyatakan   general   conclusion   of   introduction:   The   cultural

characters above is linked to scholars’ statements that there are cultural and social norms differences among the countries that are assumed to affect CSR implementation. Regarding the obligation of CSR in Indonesia, it is interesting to reveal whether CSR is representative of local wisdom (voluntary help others) or is a form of obligation only. Although it was found that CSR in Indonesia has its foundation in cultural and ethical norms, the current research aims to offer a general standard to apply in different regions in Indonesia.

Menulis metodologi

Metodologi harus ditulis konkret, yaitu mencakup what to do & how to do yang jelas sehingga jika orang lain akan melakukan penelitian serupa dapat melakukannya tanpa harus

bertanya pada penulis. Metodologi biasanya disajikan secara naratif (running style) sehingga penulis harus mengurangi pointers. Deskripsi tentang statistik mutlak diperlukan jika pendekatannya kuantitatif.

Contoh:

Sumber: Jeong (2009).

Menulis Results & Discussions/Findings

Berisi hasil temuan dan mengaitkan dengan penelitian sebelumnya dan teori. Hasil diskusi merupakan sikap penelitian kita: setuju, berbeda atau menawarkan hal baru. Penulis dituntut menemukan pola-pola hubungan antardata sehingga memunculkan proposisi.

Contoh:

From field observations, the victims have been oppressed by more powerful groups therefore the victims must struggle to gain their right. This is consistent with Marxism that economical-profit oriented directed any efforts to manage the crisis. Moreover, the victims did not have a great chance to access any means of production, included mass media and formal communication channel. The situation of oppression and unfairness happened at the beginning of the crisis. Adopting Toth’s (2002), it can be concluded that crisis management conducted only a one way flow of information, argument, and influence whereby the company only disseminated its rhetorical views and dominated the victims. The rhetorical strategy was applied on behalf of the company’s interest and even sometimes applied to distorted and avoided truth. From Berger-Luckman’s (1967) idea, it can be said that the rhetoric will be an objective reality depends on two factors: (i) how the construction is shaped; (ii) the power

to communicate that the construction itself is about something that people believe is a social reality. Unlike previous studies, the result shows that there is no significant impact of the freedom of press toward news objectivity. Field observation reveals that mass media is a tool to disseminate the company’s points of views more subtly (Kriyantono, 2012).

Contoh membangun proposisi:

Bermula dari deskripsi results & discussion: Jika dikaitkan dengan posisi struktural humas, ada temuan menarik. Sebagian memang membuktikan teori Exellence (Grunig, dkk, 2002), yaitu praktisi humas yang memiliki bagian tersendiri dan tidak di bawah koordinasi bagian lain, mengaku kemampuan utama humas adalah kemampuan manajerial sedangkan humas yang tidak memiliki bagian tersendiri menyebut kemampuan teknis pada ranking teratas. Tetapi, data di lapangan tidak membuktikan prinsip teori Excellence lainnya, yaitu tugas manajerial berkorelasi dengan posisi humas dalam struktur atas, karena semua humas dalam penelitian ini, tidak berada pada struktur atas, tetapi sebagian besar mengaku memiliki dan melakukan tugas manajerial.

Dari deskripsi ini maka proposisinya:

-          Semakin berdiri sendiri struktur Humas maka semakin melakukan peran manajerial, atau

-          Kemampuan manajerial makin dirasakan pada humas yang memiliki bagian tersendiri

-          Humas dimungkinkan melakukan peran manajerial meskipun tidak memiliki posisi di struktur atas dalam organisasi.

(Sumber: Kriyantono, 2015d)

Menulis Conclussion (Simpulan)

Menurut Pratomo (2015), conclusion berisi empat aspek, yaitu menyimpulkan riset; menyampaikan kontribusi dan implikasi riset; menyampaikan limitasi riset; dan memberikan saran untuk riset selanjutnya. Hindari conclussion yang terlalu singkat atau terlalu rinci, memasukkan saran/implikasi kebijakan tetapi tidak terkait dengan hasil/temuan, dan terlalu banyak angka (kuantitatif).

Contoh conclusion berdasarkan empat aspek:

1.      Menyimpulkan riset: The study has described communication management conducted by public relations (PR) practitioners of high educational institutions. It also created several propositions, i.e. if PR is on high structural position he/she will tend to do managerial roles. PR is not always on high structural position to be involved in decision making process and to gain direct access to top leaders.

2.      Menyampaikan kontribusi riset bagi pengembangan ilmu: The research findings have confirmed that not all principles of excellent theory can be applied universally. Some principles are adjusted or applied differently in Indonesian contexts.

3.      Menyampaikan limitasi riset: The study has limitation in generalizing data because it focused on the informants’ constructions within limited contexts. The results cannot be extrapolated to other context and it depends.

4.      Saran untuk riset selanjutnya: In order to gain significant result whether the excellent theory can be applied in any different context in Indonesia, for future research, quantitative methods, such as an experimental and a survey research, can be